Peer Reviewed Evidence of Persistence of Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and Tick-Borne Diseases

The following is a list of over 700 peer reviewed articles that support the evidence of persistence of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases. It is organized into different categories—general, psychiatric, dementia, autism and congenital transmission.

General: Persistence of Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi

The following section of references for persistence of Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) are listed alphabetically and chronologically:

  1. Aalto A, Sjowall J, Davidsson L, Forsberg P, Smedby O. Brain magnetic resonance imaging does not contribute to the diagnosis of chronic neuroborreliosis. Acta Radiol 2007; 48: 755-762. [white matter hyperintensities or basal ganglia lesions].
  2. Abele DC and Anders KH. The many faces and phases of borreliosis. J Am Acad Dermotol 1990; 23:401-410. [chronic Lyme borreliosis].
  3. Aberer E and Klade H. Cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Infection 1991; 19: 284-286. [chronic Lyme borreliosis].
  4. Aberer E, Breier F, Stanek G, and Schmidt B. Success and failure in the treatment of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans skin rash. Infection 1996; 24: 85-87.
  5. Aberer E, Kersten A, Klade H, Poitschek C, Jurecka W. Heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi in the skin. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18(6): 571-519.
  6. Akin E, McHugh Gl, Flavell RA, Fikrig E, Steere AC. The immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody response to OspA and OspB correlates with severe and prolonged Lyme arthritis and the IgG response to P35 with mild and brief arthritis. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 173-181.
  7. Albert S, Schulze J, Riegel H, Brade V. Lyme arthritis in a 12-year-old patient after a latency period of 5 years. Infection 1999; 27(4-5): 286-288.
  8. Al-Robaiy S, Dihazi H, Kacza J, et al. Metamorphosis of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms―RNA, lipid and protein composition in context with the spirochete’s shape. J Basic Microbiol 2010, 50 Suppl 1, S5-17.
  9. Appel MJG, Allan S, Jacobson RH, Lauderdale TL, Chang YF, Shin SJ, Thomford JW, Todhunter RJ, and Summers BA. Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection. J Inf Dis 1993; 167: 651-664.
  10. Åsbrink E, Hovmark A. Successful cultivation of spirochetes from skin lesions of patients with erythema chronicum migrans, Afzelius and acrodermatis chronica atrophicans. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Sect B 1985; 93: 161-163.
  11. Åsbrink E, Hovmark A, and Olsson I. Clinical manifestations of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans in 50 Swedish patients. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 1986; 26: 253-261. [chronic Lyme borreliosis].
  12. Asch ES, Bujak DI, Weiss M, Peterson MGE, and Weinstein A. Lyme Disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J Rheumatol 1994; 21 (3): 451-461.
  13. Bankhead T and Chaconas G. The role of VlsE antigenic variation in the Lyme disease spirochete: persistence through a mechanism that differs from other pathogens. Molecular Microbiology 2007; 65: 1547-1558.
  14. Barthold SW, Persing DH, Armstrong AL, and Peeples RA. Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination and evolution of disease following intradermal inoculation of mice. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 263-273. [in mice]
  15. Barthold SW, deSouza MS, Janotka JL, Smith AL, and Persing DH. Chronic Lyme borreliosis in laboratory mouse. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 951-971. [in mice]
  16. Barthold S. Lyme borreliosis. Chapter 14, In Persistent Bacterial Infections. Edited by J.P. Nataro, M.J. Blaser, and S. Cunningham-Rundles, pp 281-304. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  17. Barthold SW, Hodzic E, Imai DM, Feng S, Yang X, and Luft BJ. Ineffectiveness of tigecycline against persistent Borrelia burgdorferi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54(2): 643-651. [mice, rats, white-footed mice, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, nonhuman primates, and humans]
  18. Barthold SW. Global challenges in diagnosing and managing Lyme disease—closing knowledge gaps. Testimony before House Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States Congress, 17 July 2012.
  19. Battafarano DF, Combs JA, Enzenauer RJ, Fitzpatrick JE (1993) Chronic septic arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin Orthop 297: 238-241. doi: 10.1097/00003086-199312000-00038. [Patients with chronic septic Lyme arthritis of the knee for seven years, despite multiple antibiotic trials and synovectomies. Bb documented in synovium and synovial fluid.]
  20. Baum E, Hue F, Barbour AG (2012) Experimental infections of the reservoir species Peromyscus leuopus with diverse strains of Borrelia burgdorferi, a Lyme disease agent. MBio 3: e00434-12. doi: 10: 10.1128/mbio.00434-12.
  21. Bayer ME, Zhang L, Bayer MH. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in the urine of treated patients with chronic Lyme disease symptoms. A PCR study of 97 cases. Infection 1996; 24: 347-353. [97 patients who had been treated with antibiotics for extended periods of time and had symptoms of chronic Lyme were PCR-positive.]
  22. de Leeuw BHCGM, Maraha B, Hollemans L, Sprong H, Brandenburg AH, Westenend PJ, Kusters JG. Evaluation of Borrelia real time PCR DNA targeting OspA, FlaB and 5S-23S IGS and Borrelia 16S rRNA-qPCR. Journal of Microbiological Methods (2014). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2014.09.001.
  23. Benjamin J and J Luft. Chronic Lyme disease; an evolving syndrome. 9th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. 1996.
  24. Berglund J, Stjernberg L, Ornstein K, Tykesson-Joelsson K, Walter H. 5-y follow-up study of patients with neuroborreliosis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34(6): 421-425.
  25. Berndtson K. Review of evidence for immune evasion and persistent infection in Lyme disease. Int J of General Medicine 2013; 6: 291-306. [Lyme disease spirochetes are adapted to persist in immune competent hosts; they are can remain infective despite aggressive antibiotic challenge.]
  26. Bloom BJ, Wyckoff PM, Meissner HC, and Steere AC. Neurocognitive abnormalities in children after classic manifestations of Lyme disease. Pediatric Infect. Dis. J. 1998; 17(3): 189-196.
  27. Bradley JF, Johnson RC, Goodman JL (1994) The persistence of spirochetal nucleic acids in active Lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med 120: 487-489. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-120-6-199403150-00007 [human]
  28. Bransfield R, Brand S, and Sherr V. Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl Med 2001; 345: 1424-5.
  29. Breier F, Khanakah G, Stanek G, Aberer E, Schmidt B, and Tappeiner G. Isolation and polymerase chain reaction typing of Borrelia afzelii from a skin lesion in a seronegative patient with generalized ulcerating bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 387-392.
  30. Bockenstedt LK, J Mao, E Hodzic, SW Barthold, and D Fish. Detection of attenuated, non-infectious spirochetes in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice after antibiotic treatment. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 1430-1437. [in mice]
  31. Bockenstedt LK, Gonzalez DG, Hamberman AM, Belperron A (2012) Spirochete antigens persist near cartilage after murine Lyme borreliosis therapy. J Clin Invest 122: 2652-2660. doi: 10.1172/jci58813.
  32. Breier F, Kkhkanakah G, Stanek G, Kunz G, Aberer E, Schmidt B, and Tappeiner G. Isolation and polymerase chain reaction of Borrelia afzelii from a skin lesion in a seronegative patient with generalized ulcereating bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 387-392.
  33. Brorson O and Brorson S-H. Transformation of cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to normal mobile spirochetes. Infection. 1997; 25: 240-246. [change in physical characteristics; change of spirochetes to other pleomorphic forms, i.e., cell wall deficient forms, namely cysts.]
  34. Brorson O and Brorson S. In vitro conversion of Borrelia burgdorferi to cystic forms in spinal fluid, and transformation to mobile spirochetes by incubation in BSK-H medium. Infection. 1998; 26: 144-150. [change in physical characteristics; change of spirochetes to other pleomorphic forms, i.e., cell wall deficient forms, namely cysts.]
  35. Brorson O and Brorson SH. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to metronidazole. APMIS 1999; 107: 566-576.
  36. Brorson O and Brorson SH. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to tinidazole. International Microbiol 2004; 7: 139-142.
  37. Brorson O and Brorson SH. An in vitro study of the activity of telithromycin against mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia afzelii. Infection 2006; 34: 26-28.
  38. Brorson O Brorson SH, Scythes J, MacAllister J, Wier A, and Margulis L. Destruction of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propag ules (RBs) by the antibiotic tigecycline. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 18656-61
  39. Brown JP, Zachary JF, Teuscher C, Weis JJ, and Wooten M. Dual role of interleukin-10 in murine Lyme disease: regulation of arthritis severity and host defense. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 5142-5150. [suppression of harmful immune responses: defense stratagem of B. burgdorferi]
  40. Burrascano J. Failure of aggressive antibiotic therapy to protect the placenta from invasion by B. burgdorferi in a pregnant patient with Lyme borreliosis. 6th Annual International Science Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-borne Diseases.1993.
  41. Cabello FC, Godfrey HP, and Newman SA. Hidden in plain sight: Borrelia burgdorferi and the extracellular matrix. Trends in Microbiology 2007; 15: 350-354. [sequestration]
  42. Cadavid D, O’Neill T, Schaefer H, and Pachner AR. Localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system and organs in a nonhuman primate model of Lyme disease. Lab Invest 2000; 80: 1043-1054.
  43. Cadavid D, Y Bai, E Hodzic, K Narayan, SW Barthold, and Pachner AR. Cardiac involvement in non-human primates infected with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Lab Invest 2004; 84: 1439-1450. [in monkeys]
  44. Cameron D, Gaito A, Harris N et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme disease. Expert Rev Anti-Infect. Ther 2004; 2 (Suppl. 1), S1-S13.
  45. Cameron D. Results from Lyme disease treatment trial. Columbia University/LDA Conference, Lyme & Other Tick-Borne Diseases: Emerging Tick-Borne Diseases. October 28, 2005; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  46. Cameron DJ. Generalizability in two clinic trials of Lyme disease. Perspectives and Innovation 2006; 3(12). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-5573-3-12].
  47. Cameron D. Severity of Lyme disease with persistent symptoms. Insights from a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Minerva Med 2008; 99: 489-496.
  48. Cameron DJ. Insufficient evidence to deny antibiotic treatment to chronic Lyme disease patients. Med Hypotheses (2009), doi:10.1016i/j.mehy.2009.01.017
  49. Cameron DJ. Proof that Lyme disease exists. 2010. [http://www.hindawi.com/60587146.html].
  50. Cameron DJ. Proof that chronic Lyme disease exists. Interdisciplinary Perspect Infect Dis 2010. doi:10.1155/2010/876450.
  51. Chancellor MB, McGinnis DE, Shenot PJ, Kiilholma P, and Hirsch IH. Urinary dysfunction in Lyme disease. J Urol 1993; 149: 26-30.
  52. Chang YK, Ku YW, Chang CF, Chang CD, McDonough SP, Divers T, Pough M, and Torres A. Antibiotic treatment of experimentally Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ponies. Vet Microbiol 2005; 107: 285-294.
  53. Chao L-L, Lu C-F, and Shih C-M. Molecular detection and genetic identification of Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii from patients presenting with a rare skin manifestation of prurigo pigmentosa in Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.08.004.
  54. Chary-Valckenaere I, Jaulhac B, Champigneulle J, Piement Y, Mainard D, and Pourel J. Ultrastructural demonstration of intracellular localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 468-470.
  55. Chmielewski T, Tylewlska-Wierzhanowska S. Inhibition of fibroblast apoptosis by Borrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella henselae. Poll Microbiol 2011; 60(3); 269-272.
  56. Cimmino MA, Azzolini A, Tobia F, Pesce CM. Spirochetes in the spleen of a patient with chronic Lyme disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 91(1): 95-97.
  57. Clarke AE, Esdaile JM, Bloch DA, Lacaille D, Danoff, and Fries JF. A Canadian study of the total medical costs for patients with systemic lupus erythema and the predictors of costs. Arthrit. Rheum. 1993; 36(11): 1548-1593.
  58. Cleveland CP, Dennler PS, Duray PH. Recurrence of Lyme disease presenting as a chest wall mass: Borrelia burgdorferi was present despite five months of IV ceftriaxone 2 g, and three months of oral cefixime 400 mg BID. The presence of Borrelia burgdorferi confirmed by biopsy and culture. Poster presentation at V Lyme Disease Foundation International Scientific Conference. Stamford, CT, April 10-11, 1992.
  59. Cleveland CP, and Dennler S. Case history: recurrence of Lyme disease as a chest wall mass. Abstract presented at the 1993 LDF International Conference on Lyme Disease.
  60. Coyle P. Lyme Disease. Mosby Year Book, pp. 235, 1993. St Louis, Mo. [seclusion into immune privileged sites: defense strategies of B. burgdorferi]
  61. Craft J, Fischer DK, Shimamoto GT, Steere AC. Antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi recognized during Lyme disease appearance of a new immunoglobulin M response and expansion of the immunoglobulin G response late in the illness. J. Clin. Invest. 1986; 1978: 934-939.
  62. Dattwyler RJ, Volkman DJ, Luft BJ, Halperin JJ, Thomas J, and Golightly MG. Seronegative Lyme disease. Dissociation of specific T- and B-lymphocyte response to Borrelia burgdorferi. N Engl J Med 1988; 319(22): 1441-1446.
  63. Dejmková H, D Hulinska, D Tegzová, K Pavelka, J Gatterová, and P Vavřik. Seronegative Lyme arthritis caused by Borrelia garinii. Clin Rheumatol 2002; 21:330-334.
  64. DeLong AK, Blossom B, Maloney E, and Phillips SE. Antibiotic retreatment of Lyme disease in patients with persistent symptoms: A biostatistical review of randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials. Contemp Clin Trials 2012; epub ahead of print. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2012.08.009. [refutes Klempers {2001} conjecture that long-term antibiotics don’t work]
  65. de Koning J, et al. Demonstration of spirochetes in cardiac biopsies of patients with Lyme disease. J. Infect. Dis. 1989; 160: 150-153. [intracellular sanctuaries of Bb]
  66. Demaershalck I, Messaoud AB, de Kesel M, Hoyois B, Lobet Y, Hoet P, Bigaignon G, Bollen A, and Godfroid E. Simultaneous presence of different Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies in biological fluids of Lyme disease patients. J Clin Microbiol 1995: 33; 602-608.
  67. Diterich I, Rauter C, Kirschning CJ, and Hartung T. Borrelia burgdorferi-induced tolerance as a model of persistence via immunosuppression. Infect Immun 2003; 71(7):3979-3987.
  68. Donahue JG, Piesman J, Spielman A (1987) Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 92-96. [persistence in white-footed mice]
  69. Donta ST. Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme disease. Clin Inf Dis 1997; 25 (Suppl 1); S52-56.
  70. Donta ST. The existence of chronic Lyme disease. Curr Treat Op Infect Dis 2001; 3: 261-262.
  71. Donta ST. Late and chronic Lyme disease. Med Clin North Am 2002; 86: 341-349.
  72. Donta ST. Macrolide therapy of chronic Lyme disease. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: 136-142.
  73. Dorward DW, Fischer ER, and Brooks DM. Invasion and cytopathic killing of human lymphocytes by spirochetes causing Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1997. 25 Suppl 1: S2-8. [intracellular sanctuaries of Bb]
  74. Dunham-Ems SM, Caimano MJ, Pal U, et al. Live imaging reveals a biphasic mode of dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi within ticks. J. Clin Invest. 2009; 119: 3652-3665. [biofilms consist of a colony of spirochetes and cysts coated by a gelatinous, protective membrane]
  75. Dupeyron A, J Lecocq, B. Jaulhac, M-E Isner-Horobeti, P Vautravers,, J Cohen-Solal, C Sordet, and J-L Kuntz. Sciatica, disk herniation, and neuroborreliosis. A report of four cases. Joint Bone Spine 2004; 71: 433-437.
  76. Dupeyron A, J Lecocq, B. Jaulhac, M-E Isner-Horobeti, P Vautravers,, J Cohen-Solal, C Sordet, and J-L Kuntz. Sciatica, disk herniation, and neuroborreliosis. A report of four cases. Joint Bone Spine 2004; 71: 433-437.
  77. Duray PH and Johnson RC. The histopathology of experimentally infected hamsters with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986; 181: 263-269.
  78. Duray PH. 1987. The surgical pathology of human Lyme disease. An enlarging picture. Am J Surg Pathol S1: 47-60. [Bb in brain].
  79. Duray PH and Steere AC. Clinical pathologic correlations of Lyme disease by stage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 539: 65-79. Duray PH, et al. Invasion of human tissue ex vivo by Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Infect. Dis. 2005. 191(10): 1747-1754.
  80. Durovska J, Bazovska S, Ondrisova M, and Pancak J. 2010. Our experience with examination of antibodies against antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with suspected Lyme disease. Bratist. Lek. Listy 2010; 111(3): 153-155.
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  84. Embers ME, SW Barthold, JT Borda, L Bowers, L Doyle, E Hodzic, MB Jacobs, NR Hasenkampf, DS Martin, S. Narasimhan, KM Phillippi-Falkenstein, JE Purcell, MS Ratterree, and MT Philipp ((2012) Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in rhesus macaques following antibiotic treatment of disseminated infection. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029914 [Bb was cultured from rhesus macaques after antibiotic treatment and confirmed by PCR.]
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  91. Fallon BA, Lipkin RB, Corbera KM, Yu S, Nobler MS, Keilp JG, Petkova E, Lisanby SH, Moeller JR, Slavov I, Van Heertum R, Mensh BD, and Sackeim HA. Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate in persistent Lyme encephalopathy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 554-563.
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This section compiled by: John D. Scott, Research Division, Lyme Ontario, February 2015

Psychiatric Symptoms and Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases

This section is organized alphabetically by the title of the article.

A controlled study of deficits in children with chronic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Tager, F., Fallon, B., Keilp, J, Rissenberg, M., Jones, C.R. & Liebowitz, M. SOURCE: Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2001; 13: 500-507.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [letter] AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA. SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Summer;10(3):366-7

Acute and Chronic Lyme Disease: Controversies for Neuropsychiatry AUTHORS: Hurley RA, Taber KH. SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 20:1, Winter 2008 http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org

Acute and chronic pain associated with Lyme borreliosis: clinical characteristics and pathophysiologic mechanisms. AUTHORS: Zimering JH, Williams MR, Eiras ME, Fallon BA, Logigian EL, Dworkin RH et al. SOURCE: Pain. 2014 Aug;155(8):1435-1438.

Acute and chronic neuroborreliosis with and without CNS involvement: a clinical, MRI, and HLA study of 27 cases. AUTHORS: Krüger H, Heim E, Schuknecht B, Scholz S. SOURCE: J Neurol. 1991 Aug;238(5):271-80.

Acute Lyme Neuroborreliosis With Transient Hemiparesis and Aphasia AUTHORS: Sokolov A, Lienhard R, Du Pasquier R, Véronique Erard V SOURCE: Annals of Emergency Medicine. Published Online: February 25, 2015 http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(15)00028-1/abstract

A Girl with Seizures AUTHOR: Carla Rothaus SOURCE: NEJM. May 22nd, 2015

http://blogs.nejm.org/now/index.php/a-girl-with-seizures/2015/05/22/comment-page-1/#comment-225701 A Groundhog, a Novel Bartonella Sequence, and My Father’s Death AUTHORS: Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Cadenas MB, Vissotto de Paiva Diniz PP SOURCE: Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • 2009 Aug;15(12): 2080-6 http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/12/pdfs/2080.pdf

Alcohol and epilepsy: A case report between alcohol withdrawal seizures and neuroborreliosis. AUTHORS: Gheorghiev C, De Montleau F, Defuentes G SOURCE: Encephale 2011 06; 37 (3): 231-237

[Alcohol and epilepsy: a case report between alcohol withdrawal seizures and neuroborreliosis]. AUTHORS: Gheorghiev C, De Montleau F, Defuentes G. SOURCE: Encephale. 2011 Jun;37(3):231-7.

Altered mental status, an unusual manifestation of early disseminated Lyme disease: A case report. AUTHORS: Chabria SB, Lawrason J.

SOURCE: J Med Case Reports. 2007 Aug 9;1:62.

Alzheimer’s disease and infection: Do infectious agents contribute to progression of Alzheimer’s disease? AUTHORS: Honjo K, van Reekum R, Rand Nicolaas, Verhoeff NPLG. SOURCE: Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Vol 5;4, July 2009, p 348-360

Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. AUTHOR: Miklossy J. SOURCE:J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Aug 4;8(1):90. [Epub ahead of print]

Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. AUTHOR: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(5):1059-64. Epub 2006 Nov 17.

Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. AUTHOR: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(4):822-5. Epub 2006 Oct 20.

Antibodies against OspA epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi cross-react with neural tissue. AUTHORS: Alaedini A, Latov N. SOURCE: J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Feb;159(1-2):192-5. Epub 2004 Nov 26.

Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, Johnson L SOURCE: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24 (2010) 1025

Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. AUTHORS: Volkman D SOURCE: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24 (2010) A Review of Death Certificates Listing Lyme Disease as a Cause of Death in the United States. AUTHORS: Kugeler KJ, Griffith KS, Gould LH et al. SOURCE: Clin Infect Dis. (2011) 52 (3), 364-367. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciq157

http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/364.full.pdf http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/364.long

The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders AUTHORS: Bransfield RC, Wulfman JS, Harvey WT, Usman AI. SOURCE: Medical Hypotheses. 5 Nov 2007

Association of Lyme Disease and Schizoaffective Disorder, Bipolar Type: Is it Inflammation Mediated? AUTHORS: Mattingley DW, Koola MM. SOURCE: Indian J Psychol Med. 2015 Apr-Jun;37(2):243-6.

Audiologic manifestations of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome AUTHORS: Shotland LI, Mastrioanni MA, Choo DL, Szymko-Bennett YM, Dally LG, Pikus AT, Sledjeski K, Marques A SOURCE: Ear Hear. 2003 Dec;24(6):508-17

Autism and Lyme Disease AUTHORS: Robert C. Bransfield, MD, Mason Kuhn, MS. SOURCE: JAMA. 2013;310(8):856 doi:10.1001/jama.2013.194747

A woman in her 50s with manic psychosis. AUTHORS: Pasareanu AR, Mygland Å, Kristensen Ø. SOURCE: Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012 Mar 6;132(5):537-9

Bartonella henselae bacteremia in a mother and son potentially associated with tick exposure AUTHORS: Maggi RG, Ericson M, Mascarelli PE, Bradley JM, Breitschwerdt EB SOURCE: Parasites & Vectors April 2013, 6:101 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-101 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-101

Bartonella henselae infection in a family experiencing neurological and neurocognitive abnormalities after woodlouse hunter spider bites AUTHORS: Mascarelli PE, Maggi RG, Hopkins S, Mozayeni BR, Trull CL, Bradley JM, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB SOURCE: Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:98 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-98 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/98/abstract

Bartonella sp. Bacteremia in Patients with Neurological and Neurocognitive Dysfunction. AUTHORS: Journal of Clinical Midrobiology. 46(9):2856–2861 SOURCE: Breitschwerdt EB. Maggi RG, Nicholson WL, Cherry NA, Woods CW.

The basic syndromes of neurological disorders in Lyme borreliosis: AUTHORS: Dekonenko EP, Umanskii KG, Virich IE, Kupriianova LV, Rudometov, IuP, Bagrov FI: SOURCE: Ter Arkh 1995; 67 (11) : 52-53

Benefit of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, Delong AK, Green CL, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, Johnson L SOURCE: Int J Gen Med 2011 9; 4 : 639-646

Behavioral Consequences of Infections of the Central Nervous System: With Emphasis on Viral Infections. AUTHORS: Tselis A, MD, Booss J. SOURCE: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 31:289–98, 2003

Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer’s type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes. AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins R, Reiss K, Darbinian N, Darekar P, Mihaly L, Khalili K. SOURCE: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Feb;27(2):228-36.

Bell’s Palsy of the Gut and other Manifestations of Lyme and Associated Diseases. AUTHOR: Sherr VT SOURCE: Practical Gastroenterology April 2006

Benefit of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, DeLong AK, Green C, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, Johnson L. SOURCE: International Journal of General Medicine 2011:4 639–646 http://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article_id=8224.

Bilateral dorsolateral thalamic lesions disrupts conscious recollection. AUTHORS: Edelstyn NM, Hunter B, Ellis SJ. SOURCE: Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(6):931-8. Epub 2005 Oct 25.

Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease. AUTHOR: MIKLOSSY J EDITORS: Duyckaerts C, Litvan I SOURCE: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 89 (3rd series) Dementias 2008 Elsevier B.V. http://www.miklossy.ch/media/ChapterHandbookClinNeurolFinalPdf.pdf

Borrelia Burgdorferi: A Clinical Chameleon AUTHORS: Samuel B, Axelband J, Mckim K, Leh D. SOURCE: Consultant. 2015;55(7):530-535. http://www.consultant360.com/articles/borrelia-burgdorferi-clinical-chameleon

Borrelia burgdorferi: Cell Biology and Clinical Manifestations in Latent Chronic Lyme. AUTHORS: Smith AJ, Oertle J, Prato D SOURCE: Open Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol.4 No.4, December 2014 http://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=51411#.VJDlHivF9M1

Borrelia burgdorferi in the central nervous system: experimental and clinical evidence for early invasion. AUTHORS: Garcia-Monco JC, Villar BF, Alen JC, Benach JL. SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1990 Jun;161(6):1187-93.

Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder. AUTHORS: Hess A, Buchmann J, Zettl UK, Henschel S, Schlaefke D, Grau G, Benecke R. SOURCE: Biol Psychiatry 1999 Mar 15;45(6):795

Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system: the new “great imitator”. AUTHOR: Pachner AR. SOURCE: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:56-64.

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Hallucinations, Sensory Neuropathy, and Peripheral Visual Deficits in a Young Woman Infected with Bartonella koehlerae. AUTHORS: Edward B. Breitschwerdt EB, Mascarelli PE, Schweickert LA, Ricardo G. Maggi RG, Hegarty BC, Bradley JM, Woods CW. SOURCE: JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2011, Vol. 49, No. 9: p. 3415–3417

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Panic Attacks May Reveal Previously Unsuspected Chronic Disseminated Lyme Disease AUTHOR: Sherr VT. SOURCE: Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 6:352-356, November 2000

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Relevance of Chronic Lyme Disease to Family Medicine as a Complex Multidimensional Chronic Disease Construct: A Systematic Review. AUTHORS: Borgermans L, Goderis G, Vandevoorde J, DevroeyD. SOURCE: International Journal of Family Medicine. Volume 2014 (2014)

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Safety of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients referred for treatment of neurologic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Stricker RB, Green CL, Savely VR, Chamallas SN, Johnson L. SOURCE: Minerva Med. 2010 Feb;101(1):1-7.

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Spirochetal cyst forms in neurodegenerative disorders,…hiding in plain sight. AUTHORS: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):819-32. Epub 2006 Jul 7.

SPECT Brain Imaging in Chronic Lyme Disease. AUTHORS: Donta ST, Noto RB, Vento JA. SOURCE: Clinical Nuclear Medicine & Volume 37, Number 9, September 2012

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Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial. AUTHORS: Krupp LB, Hyman LG, Grimson R, Coyle PK, Melville P, Ahnn S, Dattwyler R, Chandler B.SOURCE: Neurology. 2003 Jun 24;60(12):1923-30.

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Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone. AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):377-83.

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Tc-99m HMPAO Brain SPECT Imaging in Chronic Lyme Disease AUTHORS: Plutchok JJ, Tikofsky RS, Liegner K, Kochevar JM, Fallon BA, Van SOURCE: Heertum RL. J of Spirochetal and Tick-borne Diseases 6: 117-122, 1999.

The association of lyme disease with loss of sexual libido and the role of urinary bladder detrusor dysfunction. AUTHORS: Puri BK, Shah M, Julu PO, Kingston MC, Monro JA. SOURCE: Int Neurourol J. 2014 Jun;18(2):95-7.

The lack of correlation between the incidence of Lyme disease and deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease cannot reflect the lack of involvement of Borrelia burgdorferi in Alzheimer’s dementia AUTHOR: Miklossy J SOURCE: The Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. Aug 2014 http://j-alz.com/node/384

The neuropsychiatric assessment of Lyme disease AUTHOR: Bransfield, R. SOURCE: Available online at www.mentalhealthandillness.com

The neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme Borreliosis. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA, Burrascano JJ, Liegner K, DelBene D, Liebowitz MR. SOURCE: Psychiatric Quarterly 1992; 63: 95-117

The American Psychiatric Association Psychiatric Guidelines for the Psychiatric Assessment of Adults Third Edition. AUTHORS: APA Work Group on Psychiatric Evaluation. SOURCE: http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.books.9780890426760

The Psychoimmunology of Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases and its Association with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. AUTHOR: Bransfield RC. SOURCE: The Open Neurology Journal. (2012) 6, (Suppl 1-M3) 88-93.

The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. AUTHORS: Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. SOURCE: Mol Neurobiol. 2015 Jun 17.

The Relationship between Tourette’s Syndrome and Infections AUTHORS: Krause D L, Norbert Müller N SOURCE: The Open Neurology Journal, 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M8) 124-128 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514747/pdf/TONEUJ-6-124.pdf

The underdiagnosis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease in children and adults. AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Kochevar J, Nields J. SOURCE: In Diagnostic Dilemmas. Edited by David Tomb. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1998.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Carries a High Risk of Incomplete Recovery in Children. AUTHORS: Fowler A, Forsman L, Eriksson M, Wickstrom R. SOURCE: J Pediatr 2013;-:—).

Tick-borne infections–a growing public health threat to school-age children. Prevention steps that school personnel can take. AUTHOR: Hamlen R SOURCE: NASN Sch Nurse 2012(Mar); 27(2): 94-100. http://nas.sagepub.com/content/27/2/94

Transfection “Junk” DNA – a link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease? AUTHORS: MacDonald AB. SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(6):1140-1. Epub 2006 Feb 14.

Treating Depression and Compensatory Narcissistic Personality Style in a Man with Chronic Lyme Disease. AUTHOR: Leedy MJ, Jackson M, Callahan JL. SOURCE: Clinical Case Studies. 2007 Oct 6(5):430-42. http://www.psyc.unt.edu/~jennifercallahan/CompensatoryNarcissism.pdf

Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Bransfield R, Brand S, Sherr V. SOURCE: N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1424-5.

Treatment-Resistant Depression: Progress and Limitations. AUTHORS: Amsterdam JD, O’Reardon JP. SOURCE: Psychiatric Annals. 1998;28(11):633

Tremor, seizures and psychosis as presenting symptoms in a patient with chronic lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). AUTHORS: Markeljević J, Sarac H, Rados M. SOURCE: Coll Antropol. 2011 Jan;35 Suppl 1:313-8.

Tullio phenomenon and seronegative Lyme borreliosis [letter] AUTHORS: Nields JA, Kueton JF. SOURCE: Lancet 1991 Jul 13;338(8759):128-9

The neuropsychiatric assessment of Lyme disease. AUTHOR: Bransfield, R.. SOURCE: Available online at www.mentalhealthandillness.com

The role of kynurenines in disorders of the central nervous system: Possibilities for neuroprotection. AUTHORS: Vamos E, Pardutz A, Klivenyi P, Toldi J, Vecsei L.SOURCE: J Neurol Sci. 2009 Mar 4.

The Underdiagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease in Children and Adults AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Kochevar JM, Gaito A, Nields JA. SOURCE: Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1998; 21: 693-703 COMPLETE TEXT AT: http://www.lymenet.org

Undiagnosed Lyme disease in adults with schizophrenia. AUTHORS: Koola MM et al. SOURCE: Schizophrenia Research. Published Online: August 06, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.029

Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth’s syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis. A case report.AUTHORS: Roelcke U, Barnett W, Wilder-Smith E, Sigmund D, Hacke W. SOURCE: J Neurol 1992 Mar;239(3):129-31

An unusual presentation of cat scratch encephalitis. AUTHORS: Chan L, Reilly KM, Snyder HS. SOURCE: J Emerg Med. 1995 Nov-Dec;13(6):769-72.

Update on lyme disease: the hidden epidemic. AUTHOR: Savely VR. SOURCE: J Infus Nurs. 2008 Jul-Aug;31(4):236-40.

The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in North Staffordshire. AUTHORS: Hodgson R, Belgamwar R, Al-tawarah Y, MacKenzie G. SOURCE: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2005 Mar;20(2):141-7.

Value of clinical symptoms, intrathecal specific antibody production and PCR in CSF in the diagnosis of childhood Lyme neuroborreliosis: AUTHORS: Issakainen J, Gnehm HE, Lucchini GM, Zbinden R: SOURCE: Klin Padiatr 1996 May-Jun; 208 (3) : 106-109

Wann ist eine Borreliose eine Neuroborreliose? Die Borreliose und ihre neuro-psychiatrischen Symptome. AUTHORS: Lorenz M, Redecker H SOURCE: (2013) http://www.borreliose-lorenz.de/neuroborreliose.html

WAIS-III and WMS-III performance in chronic Lyme disease. AUTHORS: Keilp JG, Corbera K, Slavov I, Taylor MJ, Sackeim HA, Fallon BA. SOURCE: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2006 Jan;12(1):119-29

A 25-year-old woman with hallucinations, hypersexuality, nightmares, and a rash. AUTHORS: Stein SL, Solvason HB, Biggart E, Spiegel D. SOURCE: Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Apr;153(4):545-51.

A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later. AUTHOR: Steere AC. SOURCE JAMA. 2002 Aug 28;288(8):1002-10.

A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later. AUTHOR Burns RB, Hartman EE. SOURCE JAMA. 2003 Dec 24;290(24):3247.

Additional Articles:

Aggression and Lyme Disease, Bransfield R.

All In Your Head? Bransfield R.

A Tale of Two Spirochetes, Bransfield R.

Lyme Disease and Cognitive Impairments, Bransfield R.

Lyme, Depression, and Suicide, Bransfield R.

Lyme Neuroborreliosis and Aggression, Bransfield RC.

14th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Disorder. April 21-23, 2001

Microbes and Mental Illness, Bransfield R.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Infectious Encephalopathies, Bransfield R.

Sex and Lyme Disease, Bransfield R.

Spirochetes on the Brain, Bransfield R.

The Klempner Article, Bransfield R. Brand R.

The Lyme-Autism Connection: Unveiling the Shocking Link Between

Lyme Disease and Childhood Developmental Disorders. Duncan T, Rosner B (2008) http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0976379759?ie=UTF8&tag=lymeinfo-

20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0976379759

The Neuropsychiatric Assessment of Lyme Disease. Bransfield R.

www.mentalhealthandillness.com/tnaold.html http://www.anapsid.org/lyme/bransfield-neuropsych.pdf

The Psychotropic Management of Late-Stage Lyme and Associated Diseases. Bransfield R.

What Causes Illness and Mental Illness? Bransfield R.

Some of the above references and additional articles are also listed online at:

Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease Online Resources: http://www.lymeinfo.net/neuropsych.html

And Cavete Diagnosen (Cavete, lat.: hütet euch davor, d.h. hier: vor diesen Diagnosen): http://www.erlebnishaft.de/cavete_diagnosen.pdf http://www.erlebnishaft.de/kommentalternativ.pdf Compiled by Robert Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA, Rutgers, RWJ Medical School, September 2015

Tick-Borne Diseases and Dementia

This list is organized by date.

  • MacDonald AB, Miranda JM. Hum Pathol. 1987 Jul;18(7):759-61. Concurrent neocortical borreliosis and Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Miklossy J. Neuroreport. 1993 Jul;4(7):841-8. Alzheimer’s disease–a spirochetosis?
  • Miklossy J, Kasas S, Janzer RC, Ardizzoni F, Van der Loos H. Further ultrastructural evidence that spirochaetes may play a role in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport. 1994 Jun 2;5(10):1201-4.
  • Waniek C, Prohovnik I, Kaufman MA, Dwork AJ. Rapidly progressive frontal-type dementia associated with Lyme disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;7(3):345-7.
  • Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins R, Reiss K, Darbinian N, Darekar P, Mihaly L, Khalili K. Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer’s type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes. Neurobiol Aging. May 12, 2005.
  • Osvaldo P. Almeida and Nicola T. Lautenschlager. Dementia associated with infectious diseases. International Psychogeriatrics (2005), 17:Supp., S65–S77 C _ 2005.
  • MacDonald AB. Plaques of Alzheimer’s disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(3):592-600.
  • Macdonald AB. Transfection ‘‘Junk’’ DNA – A link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease? Medical Hypothesis. 2006 30 January.
  • MacDonald AB (2006) Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 2 (3), Supplement, S207, S275, S433.
  • Meer-Scherrer L, Chang Loa C, Adelson ME, Mordechai E, Lobrinus JA, Fallon BA, Tilton RC. Lyme Disease Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Microbiol. 2006 Mar 9.
  • Miklossy J. Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008;89:825-44.
  • Miklossy J. Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease — role of Spirochetes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):381-91.
  • Aboul-Enein F, Kristoferitsch W. Normal pressure hydrocephalus or neuroborreliosis? Wien Med Wochenschr. 2009;159(1-2):58-61.
  • Miklossy J. Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Aug 4;8(1):90.
  • Bannwarth, A. (1944) Zur Klinik und Pathogenese der chronischen lymphocytären Meningitis. Arch. Psychiatr.Nervenkr. 117, 161-185.
  • MacDonald, A. B. (1986) Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with dementia. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 256, 2195-2196.
  • MacDonald AB (1988) Concurrent Neocortical Borreliosis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Demonstration of a Spirochetal Cyst Form . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Lyme Disease and Related Disorders. 539, 468–470.
  • Pappolla MA, Omar R, Saran B, et al. (1989) Concurrent neuroborreliosis and Alzheimer’s disease: analysis of the evidence. Hum Pathol 20(8), 753-7.
  • Miklossy J, Kuntzer T, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Janzer RC. (1990) Meningovascular form of neuroborreliosis: Similarities between neuropathological findings in a case of Lyme disease and those occurring in tertiary neurosyphilis. Acta Neuropathol 80. 568-572.
  • Miklossy J, Van der Loos H. (1991) The long distance effects of brain lesions: A study of myelinated pathways in the human brain using polarizing and fluorescence microscopy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50, 1-15.
  • Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D et al (1991) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 41, 479-86.
  • Miklossy J, Taddei K, Martins R et al. (1999) Alzheimer disease: curly fibers and tangles in organs other than brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 58, 803-814.
  • Bransfield RC. Hosp Pract (1995). 1996 Aug 15;31(8):35, 40. The diagnosis of Lyme disease.
  • McLaughlin R, Kin NM, Chen MF, et al. (1999) Alzheimer’s disease may not be a spirochetosis. Neuroreport 10(7), 1489-91.
  • Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, Brachova L, Shen Y, Sue L, Beach T, Kurth JH, Rydel RE, Rogers J (1999) Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 155, 853-862
  • Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T (2002) New aspects of the pathogenesis of lyme disease. Przegl Epidemiol 57-67.
  • Suter O-C, Sunthorn T, Kraftsik R, Straubel J, Darekar P, Khalili K, Miklossy J (2002) Cerebral Hypoperfusion Generates Cortical Watershed Microinfarcts in Alzheimer Disease. Stroke 33, 1986-1992
  • Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, Brachova L, Shen Y, Sue L, Beach T, Kurth JH, Rydel RE, Rogers J (1999) Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 155, 853-862
  • Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T (2002) New aspects of the pathogenesis of lyme disease. Przegl Epidemiol 57-67.
  • Suter O-C, Sunthorn T, Kraftsik R, Straubel J, Darekar P, Khalili K, Miklossy J (2002) Cerebral Hypoperfusion Generates Cortical Watershed Microinfarcts in Alzheimer Disease. Stroke 33, 1986-1992
  • Hardy J, Selkoe DJ (2002) The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 297, 353-6
  • Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ. (2004) Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimer’s Dissease 6 (6), 1-11.
  • Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, et al. (2004) Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 6(6), 639-49; discussion 673-681.
  • Ruitenberg A, den Heijer T, Bakker SL, van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MM (2005) Cerebral hypoperfusion and clinical onset of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Ann Neurol 57, 789-94.
  • Guo JP, Arai T, Miklossy J, McGeer PL (2006) Aβ and tau form soluble complexes that may promote self aggregation of both into the insoluble forms observed in Alzheimer’s disease. PNAS 103(6)
  • MacDonald AB (2006) Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. Med Hypotheses 68(4), 822-5.
  • MacDonald AB (2006) Cystic borrelia in Alzheimer’s disease and in non-dementia neuroborreliosis. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 2(3), Supplement, Page S207, S275, S433
  • Riek R (2006) Cell biology: Infectious Alzheimer’s disease? Nature 444, 429-431
  • MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. Med Hypotheses. 68(5), 1059-64
  • MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. Med Hypotheses. 68(4), 822-5.
  • MacDonald AB (2007) Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. Med Hypotheses 68(5), 1059-64.
  • Haass C, Selkoe DJ (2007) Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8, 101-12.
  • MacDonald, A. B. (2008) (on-line manuscript). Plaques of Alzheimers disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Manuscript no. YMEHYD-06-00134R1. Elsevier Editorial System™ for Medical Hypotheses. 5 pp.
  • Miklossy J, Kasas S, Zurn AD, McCall S, Yu S, McGeer PL. (2008) Persisting atypical and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local inflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J. Neuroinflammation. 5, 40 Doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-40.
  • Galbussera A, Tremolizzo L, Isella V, et al. (2008) Lack of evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi seropositivity in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 22(3), 308.
  • Holmes C, Cotterell D (2009) Role of infection in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 23(12), 993-1002.
  • Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Potier MC (2009) Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 118, 5-36
  • Sorensen AA (2009) Alzheimer’s Disease Research: Scientific Productivity and Impact of the Top 100 Investigators in the Field. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 16, 451–465
  • Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Petersen RC,
  • Trojanowski JQ (2010) Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 9, 119-28
  • Miklossy J (2011) Emerging roles of pathogens in Alzheimer disease. Expert Rev Mol Med e30.
  • Miklossy J (2011) Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. J Neuroinflammation 90.
  • Zlokovic BV (2011) Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 12, 723-38.
  • Selkoe DJ (2012) Preventing Alzheimer’s disease. Science 337, 1488-92.
  • Miklossy J, Donta SE, Mueller K, Nolte O, Perry G (2012) Editorial: Chronic or Late Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Present and Future. The Open Neurology Journal, 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M1)
  • Miklossy J. (2012) Chronic or late lyme neuroborreliosis: analysis of evidence compared to chronic or late neurosyphilis. Open Neurol J. 6, 146-57
  • Nilsson P et al. (2013) Aβ secretion and plaque formation depend on autophagy. Cell Reports 5(1), 61-69
  • Williams WM, Torres S, Siedlak SL, Castellani RJ, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. (2013). Antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin-1 expression is upregulated in Alzheimer’s brain. J Neuroinflammation. 10(1), 127.
  • Usman A Khan, Li Liu, Frank A Provenzano, Diego E Berman, Caterina P Profaci, Richard Sloan, Richard Mayeux, Karen E Duff, Scott A Small. (2013) Molecular drivers and cortical spread of lateral entorhinal cortex dysfunction in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1038/nn.3606
  • Blanc F, Philippi N, Cretin B, Kleitz C, Berly L, Jung B, Kremer S, Namer IJ, Sellal F, Jaulhac B, de Seze J. Lyme Neuroborreliosis and Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014, 41(4): 1087-93.
  • Miklossy J. The lack of correlation between the incidence of Lyme disease and deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease cannot reflect the lack of involvement of Borrelia burgdorferi in Alzheimer’s dementia. The Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. Aug 2014 http://j-alz.com/node/384
  • Miklossy J. Historic evidence to support a causal relationship between spirochetal infections and Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2015 Apr 16;7:46.

Compiled by Robert Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA, Rutgers-RWJ Medical School, July 2015.

Tick-Borne Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorders

  • Bransfield RC, Fallon BA, Raxlen B, Shepler L, Sherr VT. A Modest Proposal, Psychiatric News, 31(18):16 (1998)
  • Nicolson GL, Gan R, Nicolson NL, Haier J. Evidence for Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneunomiae and HHV-6 Co-infections in the blood of patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Neuroscience Res. 2007;85:11431148.
  • Bransfield RC, Wulfman JS, Harvey WT, Usman AI. The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders Medical Hypotheses. 70(5):967-974 (2008)
  • Nicholson G. Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases Laboratory Medicine. 39(5)291-9 (2008)
  • Vojdani A. Antibodies as predictors of complex autoimmune diseases and cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 21(3):553-66 (2008) Erratum in: Int J Imunopathol Pharmacol. 21(4):following 1051 (2008)
  • Bransfield RC. Preventable cases of autism: relationship between chronic infectious diseases and neurological outcome Pediatric Health. 3(2):125-140. (2009)
  • Bransfield R. Chronic Infections Contributing to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurology Psychiatry & Brain Research. Universitatsverlag. Heidelberg. 16, Suppl 1 (2009)
  • Kuhn M, Grave S, Bransfield R, Harris S. Long term antibiotic therapy may be an effective treatment for children co-morbid with Lyme disease and autism spectrum disorder. Med Hypotheses. 78(5):606-15 (2012)
  • Bransfield R. Relationship of Inflammation and Autoimmunity to Psychiatric Sequelae in Lyme Disease. Psychiatric Annals. 42(9):337-341. September 2012.
  • Bransfield R.The Psychoimmunology of Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases and its Association with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. The Open Neurology Journal. 2012, 6, (Suppl 1-M3) 88-93
  • Bransfield R. Kuhn M. Autism and Lyme Disease. JAMA. 310(8). (2013)
  • Burbelo PD, Swedo SE, Thurm A, Bayat A, Levin AE, Marques A, Iadarola MJ. Lack of serum antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in children with autism. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013 Jul;20(7):1092-3
  • Planche P, BotbolM. Lyme disease, Autism Spectrum Disorder and antibiotic therapy: A case report. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique 171(10):711–715. (2013)
  • Kuhn M, Bransfield R. Divergent opinions of Lyme disease diagnosis and implications for children co-morbid with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2014.

Compiled by Robert Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA, Rutgers, RWJ Medical School, July 2015

Congenital Transmission of Lyme/TBD

  • MacDonald A. Gestational Lyme borreliosis. Implications for the fetus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989 Nov;15(4):657-77.
  • MacDonald AB, Benach JL, Burgdorfer W. Stillbirth following maternal Lyme disease. N Y State J Med. 1987 Nov;87(11):615-6.
  • MacDonald A. Human fetal borreliosis, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal death. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1986 Dec;263(1-2):189-200.
  • Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT. Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. (1985) Ann Intern Med, 103, 67-8.
  • Markowitz LE, Steere AC, Benach JL, et al. Lyme disease during pregnancy. JAMA.(1986); 255(24), 3394-6.
  • Lavoie PE, Lattner BP, Duray PH, Barbour AG, Johnson HC. Culture positive seronegative transplacental Lyme borreliosis infant mortality. (1987) Arthritis Rheum, 30(4), 3(Suppl):S50.
  • Mikkelsen AL, Palle C. Lyme disease during pregnancy. (1987) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66(5), 477-8.
  • Weber K; Bratzke HJ, Neubert U, Wilske B, Duray PH. (1988) Borrelia burgdorferi in a newborn despite oral penicillin for Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 7:286-9.
  • Carlomagno G, Luksa V, Candussi G, et al. (1988) Lyme Borrelia positive serology associated with spontaneous abortion in an endemic Italian area. Acta Eur Fertil 19(5), 279-81. Abstract
  • Weber K, Bratzke HJ, Neubert U, et al. (1988) Borrelia burgdorferi in a newborn despite oral penicillin for Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7(4), 286-9. Full Citation
  • Nadal D, Hunziker UA, Bucher HU, et al. (1989) Infants born to mothers with antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi at delivery. Eur J Pediatr 148(5), 426-7. Abstract
  • Schutzer SE, Janniger CK, Schwartz RA (1991) Lyme disease during pregnancy. Cutis 47(4), 267-8. Abstract
  • Strobino BA, Williams CL, Abid S, et al. (1993) Lyme disease and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study of two thousand prenatal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169(2 Pt 1), 367-74.
  • Jovanovi R, Hajri A, Cirkovi A, et al. (1993) [Lyme disease and pregnancy]. Glas Srp Akad Nauka Med (43), 169-72.
  • Kumi D J, Harris O.(1995) Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in stored semen. Br Vet J Mar-Apr;151(2): 221-4 PMID: 8920118
  • Williams CL, Strobino B, Weinstein A, et al. (1995) Maternal Lyme disease and congenital malformations: a cord blood serosurvey in endemic and control areas. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 9(3), 320-30.
  • Silver H. (1997) Lyme Disease During Pregnancy. Inf Dis Clinics of N. Amer. Vol 11, No 1,
  • van Holten J, Tiems J, Jongen VH (1997) Neonatal Borrelia duttoni infection: a report of three cases. Trop Doct 27(2), 115-6.
  • Harvey WT, Salvato P. (2003) ‘Lyme disease’: ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis pandemic? Med Hypotheses. 60(5), 742-59.
  • Stricker, R.B., D.H. Moore, and E.E. Winger. (2004). Clinical and immunologic evidence of transmission of Lyme disease through intimate human contact. J. Invest. Med. 52, S15
  • Onk G, Acun C, Kalayci M, Cagavi F, et al. (2005) Gestational Lyme disease as a rare cause of congenital hydrocephalus. J Turkish German Gynecology Association Artemis, 6(2), 156-157.
  • Jones CR, Smith H, Gibb E, Johnson L (2005) Gestational Lyme Disease: Case Studies of 102 Live Births. Lyme Times. Gestational Lyme Studies 34-36
  • Hercogova J, Vanousova D (2008) Syphilis and borreliosis during pregnancy. Dermatol Ther 21(3), 205-9.
  • Lakos A, Solymosi N (2010) Maternal Lyme borreliosis and pregnancy outcome. Int J Infect Dis 14(6), e494-8.
  • Mylonas I (2011) Borreliosis During Pregnancy: A Risk for the Unborn Child? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11:891-8.
  • Gardner T. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn, 5th edition, (1995) Chapter 11, page 447 – 528.
  • Gardner T. Lyme disease. 66 Pregnancies complicates by Lyme Borreliosis. Infec Dis Fetus and Newborn Infant. Saunders, 2000.
  • Kumi-Diaka J, Harris O. Br Vet J. Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in stored semen. 1995 Mar-Apr;151(2):221-4.

MEDLINE results for: borrelia pregnancy AND human. 88 journal articles in the PubMed database BDH, July 2012, Latest Revision November 2012, http://www.Huismans.de.vu